How was pregnancy avoided during the years before the 19th century before the modern condom was invented?

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How was pregnancy in America avoided at this time?

to be honest with you it is one word- abstinence. As far as prophylactics are concerned I have no idea, but it was probably very primitive and wasn’t as good as the condoms are today. But the best way not to conceive is to wait until you are married. Hope this helps you.
Karl
People were shunned for having sex before marriage. Abstinence.
women breast fed their babies late until they were at least toddlers but they would also use animal intestines as condoms.
It wasn’t. Married women had no way to avoid unwanted pregnancy, so most families tended to have 4, 5, 6, or more children. Many women died during childbirth, and infant mortality was so high that many families didn’t even name their newborn babies until the child was a year old.
some historians hypothesize that condoms go back to pre roman times. The catholic church made an edict against their use in the mid 1600′s (nothing new there then).
Some herbs are well known as abotificants, and were administered to deal with accidents.
Casanova was known to have used a tie on condom in the 18th century, so the condom goes back further than you think.
The Roman Catholic church has historically gone against contraception. This had the obvious consequences. The Protestant church wasn’t invented until Henry the Eighths reign. Even then there was no obvious change from the Catholic ruling.
Everything, really, was down to control. You have to take responsibility for your actions. Excessive family size before the industrial revolution could be socially and economically pretty bad for the individual.
BOTH Em and RachelS are correct, actually, mostly for married women, "promiscuous" women and prostitutes. But as for "unmarried" women during that time, abstinence was encouraged and it was the norm to be practiced.
Luckily for the males, they could be as promiscuous as they wanted (in fact they were normally extremely promiscuous and it was socially acceptable too, which disgusts me) and not get caught because pregnancy wasn’t a risk factor for them.
Even today, the stigma of a woman with many sexual partners is considered a "slut" yet a man with many sexual partners is a "stud", and the responsibility of protection and prevention is burdened on women, in general, (i.e., birth control pills, female condom, depo shot, etc.) It’s pretty sad.